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rabbit anti setx  (Bethyl)


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    Structured Review

    Bethyl rabbit anti setx
    Rabbit Anti Setx, supplied by Bethyl, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 26 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/anti+setx/Senataxin+Antibody/bio_rxiv__2025__09__23__678005-123-26-29
    Average 93 stars, based on 26 article reviews
    rabbit anti setx - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    93/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: PARP1 associates with R-loops to promote their resolution and genome stability
    Article Snippet: The next day, the media was replaced with standard growth media and the cells were allowed to recover for 24 h. Knockdown efficiency for RNH1 siRNA was validated by western blot on a standard SDS-PAGE gel using the anti-RNase H1 (H-4, Santa Cruz Biotechnology #sc-376326) and anti-β-actin antibodies. .. To validate SETX siRNA efficiency, western blot was performed with a NuPAGE 3–8% Tris-acetate gel (ThermoFisher Scientific) using the anti-SETX (Bethyl Laboratories #A301-104A) and anti-β-actin antibodies. ..

    Article Title: PARP1 associates with R-loops to promote their resolution and genome stability.
    Article Snippet: The next day, the media was replaced with standard growth media and the cells were allowed to recover for 24 h. Knockdown efficiency for RNH1 siRNA was validated by western blot on a standard SDS-PAGE gel using the anti-RNase H1 (H-4, Santa Cruz Biotechnology #sc-376326) and anti-actin antibodies. .. To validate SETX siRNA efficiency, western blot was performed with a NuPAGE 3–8% Trisacetate gel (ThermoFisher Scientific) using the anti-SETX (Bethyl Laboratories #A301-104A) and anti- -actin antibodies. ..

    Article Title: SUGP1 loss is the sole driver of SF3B1 hotspot mutant missplicing in cancer
    Article Snippet: .. Western blotting was performed as described with the following primary antibodies: anti-AQR (1:1,000, Bethyl Laboratories, A302-547A-T), anti-SUGP1 (1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich, HPA004890), anti-ACTIN (1:2,000, Sigma-Aldrich, A2066), anti-SETX (1:1000, Bethyl Laboratories, A301-105A). .. Secondary antibodies used were Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, HRP (ThermoFisher, cat #31460) and Goat anti-Mouse IgM (Heavy chain) Secondary Antibody, HRP (ThermoFisher, cat# 62-6820).

    Article Title: SUGP1 loss drives SF3B1 hotspot mutant missplicing in cancer
    Article Snippet: .. Western blotting was performed as described with the following primary antibodies: anti-AQR (1:1,000, Bethyl Laboratories, A302-547A-T), anti-SUGP1 (1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich, HPA004890), anti-ACTIN (1:2,000, Sigma-Aldrich, A2066), anti-SETX (1:1000, Bethyl Laboratories, A301-105A), anti-HA (1:1,000, ABM, G166). .. Secondary antibodies used were Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) Secondary Antibody, HRP (ThermoFisher, cat #31460) and Goat anti-Mouse IgM (Heavy chain) Secondary Antibody, HRP (ThermoFisher, cat# 62-6820).

    other:

    Article Title: SUGP1 loss drives SF3B1 hotspot mutant missplicing in cancer
    Article Snippet: anti-SETX , Bethyl Laboratories , A301-105A.

    Incubation:

    Article Title: RNF8 ubiquitylation of XRN2 facilitates R-loop resolution and restrains genomic instability in BRCA1 mutant cells
    Article Snippet: .. For each IP, 50 μl of chromatin was diluted 10 times in IP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1.1% TritonX-100, 1.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 167 nM NaCl) and incubated with 3 μg anti-XRN2 (Bethyl, A301-103A), 4 μg anti-SETX (Bethyl, A301-105A) or an equivalent amount of control IgG overnight with rotation at 4°C. ..

    Article Title: RNF8 ubiquitylation of XRN2 facilitates R-loop resolution and restrains genomic instability in BRCA1 mutant cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For each IP, 50 l of chromatin was diluted 10 times in IP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1.1% TritonX-100, 1.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 167 nM NaCl) and incubated with 3 g anti-XRN2 (Bethyl, A301-103A), 4 g anti-SETX (Bethyl, A301-105A) or an equivalent amount of control IgG overnight with rotation at 4 ◦C. ..

    Control:

    Article Title: RNF8 ubiquitylation of XRN2 facilitates R-loop resolution and restrains genomic instability in BRCA1 mutant cells
    Article Snippet: .. For each IP, 50 μl of chromatin was diluted 10 times in IP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1.1% TritonX-100, 1.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 167 nM NaCl) and incubated with 3 μg anti-XRN2 (Bethyl, A301-103A), 4 μg anti-SETX (Bethyl, A301-105A) or an equivalent amount of control IgG overnight with rotation at 4°C. ..

    Article Title: RNF8 ubiquitylation of XRN2 facilitates R-loop resolution and restrains genomic instability in BRCA1 mutant cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For each IP, 50 l of chromatin was diluted 10 times in IP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1.1% TritonX-100, 1.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 167 nM NaCl) and incubated with 3 g anti-XRN2 (Bethyl, A301-103A), 4 g anti-SETX (Bethyl, A301-105A) or an equivalent amount of control IgG overnight with rotation at 4 ◦C. ..

    SDS Page:

    Article Title: Dual Processing of R-Loops and Topoisomerase I Induces Transcription-Dependent DNA Double-Strand Breaks
    Article Snippet: .. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with the following antibodies at dilutions recommended by the manufacturer: anti-pan-actin (MAB1501; Millipore), anti-ARTEMIS (#13381; Cell Signaling Technology), antimCherry (GTX128509; GeneTex), anti-CtIP (A300–488A; Bethyl), anti-FEN1 (A300–255A; Bethyl), anti-KAP1 (A300–274A; Bethyl), anti-DNA ligase3 (A301–636A; Bethyl), anti-MRE11 (A303–998A; Bethyl), anti-MUS81 (ab14387; Abcam), anti-PNKP (A300–257A; Bethyl), anti-SETX (A301–104A; Bethyl), anti-TDP1 (H00055775-A01; Abnova Corporation), anti-atubulin (T5168; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-XPF (A301–315A; Bethyl), anti-XPG (A301–484A; Bethyl), and anti-XRCC1 (A300–065A; Bethyl). .. Immunoblotting was revealed by chemiluminescence using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad).



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    CRISPR DDR library screening identifies the synthetic lethal effect between <t>SETX</t> and the SMC5/6 complex. ( A ) DDR screening results from MAGeCK analysis as described in the “Materials and methods” section. Genes are ranked by the RRA score of negative selection. ( B, C ) U2OS WT cells were infected with lentivirus encoding shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (top) and monitoring growth speed (bottom). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to deplete the indicated proteins. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody <t>against</t> <t>γH2AX.</t> ( E ). U2OS WT cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were infected with SETX shRNA and SMC5 shRNA. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( F ). U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to quantitative image-based cytometry (QIBC) analysis described in the “Materials and methods” section. The γH2AX level was displayed in different cell cycles (left). The percentage of cells with medium and high γH2AX signal was calculated and normalized to WT + vector control (right).
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    SMC5/6 is recruited to the sites of TRC in proximity to <t>SETX</t> and plays an important role in suppressing TRC. ( A, B, C, D, E ) U2OS WT cells were treated with vehicle or HU (2 mM) for 2 h and then subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SETX and R-loops (A), SETX and PCNA (B), SETX and FANCD2 <t>(C),</t> <t>SMC5-Flag</t> and R-loop (D, left), SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (D, right), and SMC5-Flag and SETX (E). ( F ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( G ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( H ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( I ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector, with or without RNaseH1 expression. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).
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    <t>SETX-depleted</t> cells exhibit R-loop-mediated replication stress. ( A ) Western blot analysis to check SETX expression levels and CHK1-S345 phosphorylation in U2OS cells transfected with two different siRNAs against SETX for 72 h. ( B ) Western blot analysis to confirm over-expression of RNaseH1-GFP in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells treated with doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) for 24 h. ( C ) Schematic of DNA fiber labeling and quantification of replication tract lengths in mock (siLUC)- and SETX-depleted U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells. 1 ng/ml Dox was added 24 h before the labeling to induce RNase H1-GFP over-expression. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( D ) Quantification of replication fork stalling events on DNA fibers in ( C ). Replication tracts containing only the first label (CldU-only tracts) were designated as stalled replication forks while the replication tracts containing both labels (CldU + IdU) were scored as ongoing forks. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( E ) Representative images and quantification of RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP foci in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. PCNA immunofluorescence staining was used to identify S-phase cells (PCNA + ). ( F ) Representative images and quantification of PLA foci between PCNA and elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIS2P) in U2OS cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. EdU incorporation was performed to mark S-phase cells. Triptolide (1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) was added 2 h prior to PLA. (E, F) Medians of data sets from three independent experiments are plotted (n > 200). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}$\end{document} . Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in ( C ). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (D)–(F).
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    Image Search Results


    CRISPR DDR library screening identifies the synthetic lethal effect between SETX and the SMC5/6 complex. ( A ) DDR screening results from MAGeCK analysis as described in the “Materials and methods” section. Genes are ranked by the RRA score of negative selection. ( B, C ) U2OS WT cells were infected with lentivirus encoding shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (top) and monitoring growth speed (bottom). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to deplete the indicated proteins. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ). U2OS WT cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were infected with SETX shRNA and SMC5 shRNA. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( F ). U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to quantitative image-based cytometry (QIBC) analysis described in the “Materials and methods” section. The γH2AX level was displayed in different cell cycles (left). The percentage of cells with medium and high γH2AX signal was calculated and normalized to WT + vector control (right).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: CRISPR DDR library screening identifies the synthetic lethal effect between SETX and the SMC5/6 complex. ( A ) DDR screening results from MAGeCK analysis as described in the “Materials and methods” section. Genes are ranked by the RRA score of negative selection. ( B, C ) U2OS WT cells were infected with lentivirus encoding shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (top) and monitoring growth speed (bottom). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to deplete the indicated proteins. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ). U2OS WT cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were infected with SETX shRNA and SMC5 shRNA. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( F ). U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to quantitative image-based cytometry (QIBC) analysis described in the “Materials and methods” section. The γH2AX level was displayed in different cell cycles (left). The percentage of cells with medium and high γH2AX signal was calculated and normalized to WT + vector control (right).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: CRISPR, Library Screening, Selection, Infection, shRNA, Knockdown, Colony Assay, Expressing, Immunostaining, Plasmid Preparation, Cytometry, Control

    SMC5/6 is recruited to the sites of TRC in proximity to SETX and plays an important role in suppressing TRC. ( A, B, C, D, E ) U2OS WT cells were treated with vehicle or HU (2 mM) for 2 h and then subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SETX and R-loops (A), SETX and PCNA (B), SETX and FANCD2 (C), SMC5-Flag and R-loop (D, left), SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (D, right), and SMC5-Flag and SETX (E). ( F ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( G ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( H ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( I ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector, with or without RNaseH1 expression. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SMC5/6 is recruited to the sites of TRC in proximity to SETX and plays an important role in suppressing TRC. ( A, B, C, D, E ) U2OS WT cells were treated with vehicle or HU (2 mM) for 2 h and then subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SETX and R-loops (A), SETX and PCNA (B), SETX and FANCD2 (C), SMC5-Flag and R-loop (D, left), SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (D, right), and SMC5-Flag and SETX (E). ( F ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( G ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( H ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( I ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector, with or without RNaseH1 expression. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation

    SMC5/6 is required for recruitment of BLM/TOP3A/RMI (BTRR) complex to TRC. ( A, B, C, D ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP3A and FANCD2 (A), TOP3A and SMC5-Flag (B left), TOP3A and R-loops (B right), BLM and SMC5-Flag (C left), RMI1 and SMC5-Flag (C right), BLM and R-loops (D left), and RMI1 and R-loops (D right). ( E ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and R-loops (left), TOP3A and R-loops (middle), and RMI1 and R-loops (right). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( G ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SMC5/6 is required for recruitment of BLM/TOP3A/RMI (BTRR) complex to TRC. ( A, B, C, D ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP3A and FANCD2 (A), TOP3A and SMC5-Flag (B left), TOP3A and R-loops (B right), BLM and SMC5-Flag (C left), RMI1 and SMC5-Flag (C right), BLM and R-loops (D left), and RMI1 and R-loops (D right). ( E ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and R-loops (left), TOP3A and R-loops (middle), and RMI1 and R-loops (right). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( G ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown

    BTRR is important for reducing supercoils at TRCs and exhibits a synthetic lethal interaction with SETX. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with lentivirus to express TOP3A-WT or Y362F mutant. Then, cells were infected with TOP3A shRNA or vector. Three days after shRNA infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on plates for colony formation assay.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: BTRR is important for reducing supercoils at TRCs and exhibits a synthetic lethal interaction with SETX. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with lentivirus to express TOP3A-WT or Y362F mutant. Then, cells were infected with TOP3A shRNA or vector. Three days after shRNA infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on plates for colony formation assay.

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown, Mutagenesis, Expressing, Immunostaining, Colony Assay

    SLF2 is required for SMC5/6 loading to TRCs upon SETX loss. ( A ) U2OS SETX-KO cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( B ) U2OS WT cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( C ) U2OS WT and SLF2 -KO cells were infected with SETX shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were harvested for western blotting using the antibodies indicated. ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (left) and monitoring growth speed (right).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SLF2 is required for SMC5/6 loading to TRCs upon SETX loss. ( A ) U2OS SETX-KO cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( B ) U2OS WT cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( C ) U2OS WT and SLF2 -KO cells were infected with SETX shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were harvested for western blotting using the antibodies indicated. ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (left) and monitoring growth speed (right).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Knockdown, Colony Assay

    FANCD2 activation depends on BTRR. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were used for immunostaining with antibody against FANCD2. ( B ) SMC6-Flag-expressing U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6-Flag and FANCD2. ( C ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and FANCD2. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for immunostaining with an antibody against FANCD2. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between FANCD2 and R-loops (S9.6). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with FANCD2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and BLM (left), SMC5-Flag and TOP3A (middle), and SMC5-Flag and RMI1 (right).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FANCD2 activation depends on BTRR. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were used for immunostaining with antibody against FANCD2. ( B ) SMC6-Flag-expressing U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6-Flag and FANCD2. ( C ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and FANCD2. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for immunostaining with an antibody against FANCD2. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between FANCD2 and R-loops (S9.6). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with FANCD2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and BLM (left), SMC5-Flag and TOP3A (middle), and SMC5-Flag and RMI1 (right).

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Immunostaining, Infection, shRNA, Knockdown, Plasmid Preparation

    BTRR is important for recruiting FANCM to activate FANCD2 at TRCs. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with FANCM shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were analyzed using PLA to assess colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (left) or subjected to immunostaining with an anti-FANCD2 antibody (right). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells expressing flag-FANCM-WT or Flag-FANCM-MM2 with silent mutations resistant to its FANCM shRNA were infected with FANCM shRNA to deplete endogenous FANCM. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( E ) Illustration of SMC5/6-mediated resolution of TRC in SETX-deficient cells. Positive supercoiling accumulates at TRC sites due to SETX loss. The SMC5/6 complex recognizes the supercoiling signals and recruits BTRR to relieve the tension. Meanwhile, BTRR recruits FANCM through direct interaction, ultimately activating FANCD2 to resolve TRCs.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: BTRR is important for recruiting FANCM to activate FANCD2 at TRCs. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with FANCM shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were analyzed using PLA to assess colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (left) or subjected to immunostaining with an anti-FANCD2 antibody (right). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells expressing flag-FANCM-WT or Flag-FANCM-MM2 with silent mutations resistant to its FANCM shRNA were infected with FANCM shRNA to deplete endogenous FANCM. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( E ) Illustration of SMC5/6-mediated resolution of TRC in SETX-deficient cells. Positive supercoiling accumulates at TRC sites due to SETX loss. The SMC5/6 complex recognizes the supercoiling signals and recruits BTRR to relieve the tension. Meanwhile, BTRR recruits FANCM through direct interaction, ultimately activating FANCD2 to resolve TRCs.

    Article Snippet: Antibodies used for western blotting were listed below: γH2AX (07164, Upstate), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), SMC5 (sc-393282, Santa Cruz), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), KU70 (sc-17789, Santa Cruz), V5 ( R96025 , Invitrogen), and TOP3A (kindly provided by Dr Ian David Hickson).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Immunostaining, Knockdown

    SMC5/6 is recruited to the sites of TRC in proximity to SETX and plays an important role in suppressing TRC. ( A, B, C, D, E ) U2OS WT cells were treated with vehicle or HU (2 mM) for 2 h and then subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SETX and R-loops (A), SETX and PCNA (B), SETX and FANCD2 (C), SMC5-Flag and R-loop (D, left), SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (D, right), and SMC5-Flag and SETX (E). ( F ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( G ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( H ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( I ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector, with or without RNaseH1 expression. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SMC5/6 is recruited to the sites of TRC in proximity to SETX and plays an important role in suppressing TRC. ( A, B, C, D, E ) U2OS WT cells were treated with vehicle or HU (2 mM) for 2 h and then subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SETX and R-loops (A), SETX and PCNA (B), SETX and FANCD2 (C), SMC5-Flag and R-loop (D, left), SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (D, right), and SMC5-Flag and SETX (E). ( F ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( G ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( H ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNaseH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( I ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector, with or without RNaseH1 expression. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation

    SMC5/6 is required for recruitment of BLM/TOP3A/RMI (BTRR) complex to TRC. ( A, B, C, D ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP3A and FANCD2 (A), TOP3A and SMC5-Flag (B left), TOP3A and R-loops (B right), BLM and SMC5-Flag (C left), RMI1 and SMC5-Flag (C right), BLM and R-loops (D left), and RMI1 and R-loops (D right). ( E ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and R-loops (left), TOP3A and R-loops (middle), and RMI1 and R-loops (right). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( G ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SMC5/6 is required for recruitment of BLM/TOP3A/RMI (BTRR) complex to TRC. ( A, B, C, D ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP3A and FANCD2 (A), TOP3A and SMC5-Flag (B left), TOP3A and R-loops (B right), BLM and SMC5-Flag (C left), RMI1 and SMC5-Flag (C right), BLM and R-loops (D left), and RMI1 and R-loops (D right). ( E ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and R-loops (left), TOP3A and R-loops (middle), and RMI1 and R-loops (right). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and R-loops (S9.6). ( G ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A).

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown

    BTRR is important for reducing supercoils at TRCs and exhibits a synthetic lethal interaction with SETX. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with lentivirus to express TOP3A-WT or Y362F mutant. Then, cells were infected with TOP3A shRNA or vector. Three days after shRNA infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on plates for colony formation assay.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: BTRR is important for reducing supercoils at TRCs and exhibits a synthetic lethal interaction with SETX. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells were infected with SMC5 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with lentivirus to express TOP3A-WT or Y362F mutant. Then, cells were infected with TOP3A shRNA or vector. Three days after shRNA infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between TOP2A and R-loops (S9.6). ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to immunostaining with antibody against γH2AX. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA-expressing lentivirus to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on plates for colony formation assay.

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown, Mutagenesis, Expressing, Immunostaining, Colony Assay

    SLF2 is required for SMC5/6 loading to TRCs upon SETX loss. ( A ) U2OS SETX-KO cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( B ) U2OS WT cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( C ) U2OS WT and SLF2 -KO cells were infected with SETX shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were harvested for western blotting using the antibodies indicated. ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (left) and monitoring growth speed (right).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SLF2 is required for SMC5/6 loading to TRCs upon SETX loss. ( A ) U2OS SETX-KO cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2. ( B ) U2OS WT cells were infected with SLF2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between replication (PCNA) and transcription (pPOLR2A). ( C ) U2OS WT and SLF2 -KO cells were infected with SETX shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were harvested for western blotting using the antibodies indicated. ( D ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were resuspended and seeded on new plates for colony formation assay (left) and monitoring growth speed (right).

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Knockdown, Colony Assay

    FANCD2 activation depends on BTRR. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were used for immunostaining with antibody against FANCD2. ( B ) SMC6-Flag-expressing U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6-Flag and FANCD2. ( C ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and FANCD2. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for immunostaining with an antibody against FANCD2. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between FANCD2 and R-loops (S9.6). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with FANCD2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and BLM (left), SMC5-Flag and TOP3A (middle), and SMC5-Flag and RMI1 (right).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: FANCD2 activation depends on BTRR. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were used for immunostaining with antibody against FANCD2. ( B ) SMC6-Flag-expressing U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells, with or without RNaseH1 expression, were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6-Flag and FANCD2. ( C ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with or without RNASEH1 expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between BLM and FANCD2. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were used for immunostaining with an antibody against FANCD2. ( E ) U2OS WT cells were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between FANCD2 and R-loops (S9.6). ( F ) U2OS WT cells were infected with FANCD2 shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC5-Flag and BLM (left), SMC5-Flag and TOP3A (middle), and SMC5-Flag and RMI1 (right).

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Immunostaining, Infection, shRNA, Knockdown, Plasmid Preparation

    BTRR is important for recruiting FANCM to activate FANCD2 at TRCs. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with FANCM shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were analyzed using PLA to assess colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (left) or subjected to immunostaining with an anti-FANCD2 antibody (right). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells expressing flag-FANCM-WT or Flag-FANCM-MM2 with silent mutations resistant to its FANCM shRNA were infected with FANCM shRNA to deplete endogenous FANCM. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( E ) Illustration of SMC5/6-mediated resolution of TRC in SETX-deficient cells. Positive supercoiling accumulates at TRC sites due to SETX loss. The SMC5/6 complex recognizes the supercoiling signals and recruits BTRR to relieve the tension. Meanwhile, BTRR recruits FANCM through direct interaction, ultimately activating FANCD2 to resolve TRCs.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: The SMC5/SMC6 complex is critical for resolving R-loop-induced transcription–replication conflicts

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaf1537

    Figure Lengend Snippet: BTRR is important for recruiting FANCM to activate FANCD2 at TRCs. ( A ) U2OS WT and SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( B ) U2OS SETX -KO cells were infected with FANCM shRNA or vector. Three days after infection, cells were analyzed using PLA to assess colocalization between SMC5-Flag and FANCD2 (left) or subjected to immunostaining with an anti-FANCD2 antibody (right). ( C ) U2OS SETX -KO cells with Flag-FANCM expression were infected with shRNA to knock down indicated genes. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( D ) U2OS SETX -KO cells expressing flag-FANCM-WT or Flag-FANCM-MM2 with silent mutations resistant to its FANCM shRNA were infected with FANCM shRNA to deplete endogenous FANCM. Three days after infection, cells were subjected to PLA analysis showing colocalization between SMC6 and Flag-FANCM. ( E ) Illustration of SMC5/6-mediated resolution of TRC in SETX-deficient cells. Positive supercoiling accumulates at TRC sites due to SETX loss. The SMC5/6 complex recognizes the supercoiling signals and recruits BTRR to relieve the tension. Meanwhile, BTRR recruits FANCM through direct interaction, ultimately activating FANCD2 to resolve TRCs.

    Article Snippet: PCNA (sc-56, Santa Cruz), POLR2A [p Ser2] (NB100-1805), FLAG (F1804, Sigma–Aldrich), BLM (sc-365753, Santa Cruz), TOP3A (this work), RMI1 (14630-1-AP, Proteintech), TOP2A (20233-1-AP, Proteintech), SMC6 (sc-365742, Santa Cruz), FLAG (AE004, Abclonal), FANCD2 (NB100-182SS, Novus Biologicals), SETX (NB100-57542, Novus Biologicals), S9.6 antibody (ENH001, Kerafast), S9.6 antibody (Kf-Ab01137-23.0, Kerafast).

    Techniques: Expressing, Infection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Immunostaining, Knockdown

    SETX-depleted cells exhibit R-loop-mediated replication stress. ( A ) Western blot analysis to check SETX expression levels and CHK1-S345 phosphorylation in U2OS cells transfected with two different siRNAs against SETX for 72 h. ( B ) Western blot analysis to confirm over-expression of RNaseH1-GFP in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells treated with doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) for 24 h. ( C ) Schematic of DNA fiber labeling and quantification of replication tract lengths in mock (siLUC)- and SETX-depleted U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells. 1 ng/ml Dox was added 24 h before the labeling to induce RNase H1-GFP over-expression. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( D ) Quantification of replication fork stalling events on DNA fibers in ( C ). Replication tracts containing only the first label (CldU-only tracts) were designated as stalled replication forks while the replication tracts containing both labels (CldU + IdU) were scored as ongoing forks. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( E ) Representative images and quantification of RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP foci in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. PCNA immunofluorescence staining was used to identify S-phase cells (PCNA + ). ( F ) Representative images and quantification of PLA foci between PCNA and elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIS2P) in U2OS cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. EdU incorporation was performed to mark S-phase cells. Triptolide (1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) was added 2 h prior to PLA. (E, F) Medians of data sets from three independent experiments are plotted (n > 200). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}$\end{document} . Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in ( C ). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (D)–(F).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SETX-depleted cells exhibit R-loop-mediated replication stress. ( A ) Western blot analysis to check SETX expression levels and CHK1-S345 phosphorylation in U2OS cells transfected with two different siRNAs against SETX for 72 h. ( B ) Western blot analysis to confirm over-expression of RNaseH1-GFP in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells treated with doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) for 24 h. ( C ) Schematic of DNA fiber labeling and quantification of replication tract lengths in mock (siLUC)- and SETX-depleted U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells. 1 ng/ml Dox was added 24 h before the labeling to induce RNase H1-GFP over-expression. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( D ) Quantification of replication fork stalling events on DNA fibers in ( C ). Replication tracts containing only the first label (CldU-only tracts) were designated as stalled replication forks while the replication tracts containing both labels (CldU + IdU) were scored as ongoing forks. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( E ) Representative images and quantification of RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP foci in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1(D210N)-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. PCNA immunofluorescence staining was used to identify S-phase cells (PCNA + ). ( F ) Representative images and quantification of PLA foci between PCNA and elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIS2P) in U2OS cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. EdU incorporation was performed to mark S-phase cells. Triptolide (1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) was added 2 h prior to PLA. (E, F) Medians of data sets from three independent experiments are plotted (n > 200). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}$\end{document} . Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in ( C ). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (D)–(F).

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Transfection, Over Expression, Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Staining

    SETX depletion induces R-loop-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis and micronucleation. ( A ) Schematic representation of MiDAS assay, representative images and quantification of EdU incorporation events on metaphase chromosome spreads of U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Cells were treated with 9 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306 for 16 h, and then released into mitosis in the presence of 20 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M EdU and colcemid. Where indicated, over-expression of RNaseH1 was induced by the addition of doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) for 24 h. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 50 metaphase spreads were analyzed for the presence of EdU foci in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} ( B ) Experimental workflow with a representative image and quantification of micronuclei in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Cytochalasin B (2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} g/ml) was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Dox (1 ng/ml) was added to cells to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} Red arrow indicates micronucleus. ( C ) Experimental workflow with a representative image and quantification of 53BP1 nuclear bodies in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. EdU incorporation was used to exclude S-phase cells from quantification. Dox (1 ng/ml) was added to cells to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 300 EdU-negative cells were analyzed in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (A)–(C).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SETX depletion induces R-loop-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis and micronucleation. ( A ) Schematic representation of MiDAS assay, representative images and quantification of EdU incorporation events on metaphase chromosome spreads of U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Cells were treated with 9 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306 for 16 h, and then released into mitosis in the presence of 20 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M EdU and colcemid. Where indicated, over-expression of RNaseH1 was induced by the addition of doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) for 24 h. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 50 metaphase spreads were analyzed for the presence of EdU foci in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} ( B ) Experimental workflow with a representative image and quantification of micronuclei in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Cytochalasin B (2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} g/ml) was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Dox (1 ng/ml) was added to cells to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} Red arrow indicates micronucleus. ( C ) Experimental workflow with a representative image and quantification of 53BP1 nuclear bodies in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. EdU incorporation was used to exclude S-phase cells from quantification. Dox (1 ng/ml) was added to cells to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 300 EdU-negative cells were analyzed in each experiment. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu {\mathrm{m}}.$\end{document} Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (A)–(C).

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: DNA Synthesis, Transfection, Over Expression

    SETX is essential for restarting R-loop-stalled forks via MUS81-LIG4-ELL axis. ( A ) Effect of SETX depletion on replication fork recovery after induction of R-loop-mediated fork stalling in U2OS cells. Schematic of DNA fiber assays is shown on the top. The R-loop-inducing drug, camptothecin (CPT; 100 nM) was added to cells during CldU incorporation for the last 20 min. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. Cells were then washed and released into a fresh medium containing IdU. Replication tracts containing only CldU (red-only tracts) were designated as stalled replication forks. Replication tracts containing both CldU and IdU were scored as ongoing forks (red/green tracts). The percentage of stalled replication forks is plotted. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( B ) Effect of SETX depletion on the rescue of CPT-induced fork stalling by PARP inhibition in U2OS cells, which requires the MUS81-LIG4-ELL axis. Schematic of DNA fiber assays and representative images of DNA replication tracts upon indicated conditions are shown on the left. CPT (100 nM) was present during IdU labeling. The PARP inhibitor (PARPi), olaparib (10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) was added 2 h before DNA fiber labeling and was also present during the labeling to boost replication restart. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (A). Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B). Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} m.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SETX is essential for restarting R-loop-stalled forks via MUS81-LIG4-ELL axis. ( A ) Effect of SETX depletion on replication fork recovery after induction of R-loop-mediated fork stalling in U2OS cells. Schematic of DNA fiber assays is shown on the top. The R-loop-inducing drug, camptothecin (CPT; 100 nM) was added to cells during CldU incorporation for the last 20 min. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was used as a vehicle. Cells were then washed and released into a fresh medium containing IdU. Replication tracts containing only CldU (red-only tracts) were designated as stalled replication forks. Replication tracts containing both CldU and IdU were scored as ongoing forks (red/green tracts). The percentage of stalled replication forks is plotted. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( B ) Effect of SETX depletion on the rescue of CPT-induced fork stalling by PARP inhibition in U2OS cells, which requires the MUS81-LIG4-ELL axis. Schematic of DNA fiber assays and representative images of DNA replication tracts upon indicated conditions are shown on the left. CPT (100 nM) was present during IdU labeling. The PARP inhibitor (PARPi), olaparib (10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) was added 2 h before DNA fiber labeling and was also present during the labeling to boost replication restart. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (A). Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B). Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} m.

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Inhibition, Labeling

    SETX depletion induces MUS81-dependent nascent DNA degradation at R-loop-stalled forks. ( A ) Schematic of fork degradation assay. U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] or U2OS cells were transfected with appropriate siRNA and after 72 h were subjected to DNA fiber labeling, followed by hydroxyurea (HU; 4 mM) treatment for 5 h to induce replication fork stalling. Representative images of replication tracts on DNA fibers of mock (siLUC)- and SETX-depleted (siSETX-1) U2OS cells are also shown. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} m. ( B ) Quantification of HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Where indicated, doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) was added 24 h prior to labeling to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression, which eliminates R-loops. (C–F) Quantification of HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Where indicated in ( C ), transcription inhibitors, DRB (100 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) or triptolide (TRP, 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M), were added 2 h prior to labeling and were present throughout the labeling and HU treatment. In ( D ), SETX or BRCA2 were co-depleted with either ZRANB3 or HLTF to prevent fork reversal. Bottom panel shows western blot to confirm the depletion of indicated proteins. In ( E ), SETX was co-depleted with MUS81 to prevent fork cleavage. Bottom panel shows western blot to confirm the depletion of proteins. Where indicated in ( F ), MRE11 inhibitor, Mirin (50 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) and the DNA2 inhibitor, C5 (25 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) were added along with HU. In (B)–(F), the values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B)–(F).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SETX depletion induces MUS81-dependent nascent DNA degradation at R-loop-stalled forks. ( A ) Schematic of fork degradation assay. U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] or U2OS cells were transfected with appropriate siRNA and after 72 h were subjected to DNA fiber labeling, followed by hydroxyurea (HU; 4 mM) treatment for 5 h to induce replication fork stalling. Representative images of replication tracts on DNA fibers of mock (siLUC)- and SETX-depleted (siSETX-1) U2OS cells are also shown. Scale bar, 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} m. ( B ) Quantification of HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Where indicated, doxycycline (Dox; 1 ng/ml) was added 24 h prior to labeling to induce RNaseH1-GFP over-expression, which eliminates R-loops. (C–F) Quantification of HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. Where indicated in ( C ), transcription inhibitors, DRB (100 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) or triptolide (TRP, 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M), were added 2 h prior to labeling and were present throughout the labeling and HU treatment. In ( D ), SETX or BRCA2 were co-depleted with either ZRANB3 or HLTF to prevent fork reversal. Bottom panel shows western blot to confirm the depletion of indicated proteins. In ( E ), SETX was co-depleted with MUS81 to prevent fork cleavage. Bottom panel shows western blot to confirm the depletion of proteins. Where indicated in ( F ), MRE11 inhibitor, Mirin (50 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) and the DNA2 inhibitor, C5 (25 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\mu$\end{document} M) were added along with HU. In (B)–(F), the values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B)–(F).

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Degradation Assay, Transfection, Labeling, Over Expression, Western Blot

    Reactivation of R-loop-stalled forks via MUS81–LIG4–ELL axis depends on helicase activity of SETX. ( A ) Western blot analysis of extracts of U2OS T-REx cells carrying siRNA-resistant wild-type (WT) or mutant (K1969R) SETX transgenes under the control of doxycycline-regulated CMV promoter. Cells were transfected with siLUC or siSETX-1 and cultured for 72 h. Where indicated, doxycycline (Dox, 10 ng/ml) was added 24 h before harvest to induce transgene expression. TFIIH served as a loading control. ( B ) Effect of expression of WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene on replication fork progression in U2OS T-REx cells depleted of endogenous SETX. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( C ) Micronucleus frequency in U2OS T-REx cells expressing WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. Cells were transfected with siSETX-1 as in (A) to deplete endogenous SETX. Cytochalasin B was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 6). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. ( D ) Effect of PARP inhibition (PARPi) on CPT-induced fork stalling in U2OS T-REx cells expressing WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( E ) Effect of expression of WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgenes on HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS T-REx cells depleted of endogenous SETX. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( F ) R-loop levels in U2OS T-REx cells expressing the WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. S9.6 antibody was used to pull-down DNA fragments containing RNA:DNA hybrids and the enrichment of R-loop-prone loci (APOE, RPL13A and BTBD19) was measured by qPCR. SNRPN locus was used as a negative control for R-loop enrichment. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B), (D) and (E). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (C).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Reactivation of R-loop-stalled forks via MUS81–LIG4–ELL axis depends on helicase activity of SETX. ( A ) Western blot analysis of extracts of U2OS T-REx cells carrying siRNA-resistant wild-type (WT) or mutant (K1969R) SETX transgenes under the control of doxycycline-regulated CMV promoter. Cells were transfected with siLUC or siSETX-1 and cultured for 72 h. Where indicated, doxycycline (Dox, 10 ng/ml) was added 24 h before harvest to induce transgene expression. TFIIH served as a loading control. ( B ) Effect of expression of WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene on replication fork progression in U2OS T-REx cells depleted of endogenous SETX. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( C ) Micronucleus frequency in U2OS T-REx cells expressing WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. Cells were transfected with siSETX-1 as in (A) to deplete endogenous SETX. Cytochalasin B was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 6). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. ( D ) Effect of PARP inhibition (PARPi) on CPT-induced fork stalling in U2OS T-REx cells expressing WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( E ) Effect of expression of WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgenes on HU-induced nascent DNA degradation in U2OS T-REx cells depleted of endogenous SETX. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted (n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( F ) R-loop levels in U2OS T-REx cells expressing the WT- or helicase-dead SETX transgene. S9.6 antibody was used to pull-down DNA fragments containing RNA:DNA hybrids and the enrichment of R-loop-prone loci (APOE, RPL13A and BTBD19) was measured by qPCR. SNRPN locus was used as a negative control for R-loop enrichment. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B), (D) and (E). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (C).

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Mutagenesis, Control, Transfection, Cell Culture, Expressing, Inhibition, Negative Control

    Epistatic relationship between SETX and DDX17 in resolution of R-loop-mediated replication stress. ( A ) Western blot analysis to confirm depletion of both isoforms of DDX17, p72 and p82, in wild-type (WT) and SETX knockout U2OS cells, 72 h post siRNA transfection. ( B ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on replication fork progression in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells. Schematic of DNA fiber assay is shown on the top. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( C ) The frequency of stalled replication forks in cells in (B). CldU replication tracts that are not followed by an IdU tract were considered as stalled forks. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). ( D ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on nascent DNA degradation in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells following HU (4 mM) treatment. Schematic of the fork degradation assay is shown on the top. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( E ) Effect of DDX17 depletion of R-loop levels in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells. S9.6 antibody was used to pull-down DNA fragments containing RNA:DNA hybrids and the enrichment of R-loop-prone loci (APOE, RPL13A and BTBD19) was measured by qPCR. SNRPN locus was used as a negative control for R-loop enrichment. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( F ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on micronucleus frequency in WT and SETX knockout cells. Cytochalasin B was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B) and (D). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (C) and (F).

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Epistatic relationship between SETX and DDX17 in resolution of R-loop-mediated replication stress. ( A ) Western blot analysis to confirm depletion of both isoforms of DDX17, p72 and p82, in wild-type (WT) and SETX knockout U2OS cells, 72 h post siRNA transfection. ( B ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on replication fork progression in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells. Schematic of DNA fiber assay is shown on the top. The values of CldU + IdU tract lengths measured in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( C ) The frequency of stalled replication forks in cells in (B). CldU replication tracts that are not followed by an IdU tract were considered as stalled forks. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 4). ( D ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on nascent DNA degradation in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells following HU (4 mM) treatment. Schematic of the fork degradation assay is shown on the top. The values of the IdU/CldU tract length ratio obtained in three independent experiments are plotted ( n > 300). Red lines represent the median. ( E ) Effect of DDX17 depletion of R-loop levels in WT and SETX knockout U2OS cells. S9.6 antibody was used to pull-down DNA fragments containing RNA:DNA hybrids and the enrichment of R-loop-prone loci (APOE, RPL13A and BTBD19) was measured by qPCR. SNRPN locus was used as a negative control for R-loop enrichment. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). ( F ) Effect of DDX17 depletion on micronucleus frequency in WT and SETX knockout cells. Cytochalasin B was added 16 h prior to fixation to arrest cells before cytokinesis. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). At least 300 binucleated cells were scored in each experiment. Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used in (B) and (D). Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance was used in (C) and (F).

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Knock-Out, Transfection, Degradation Assay, Negative Control

    SETX forms a complex with DDX17 in human cells. ( A ) DDX17 isoforms (p72 and p82) co-immunoprecipitate with SETX from HEK293 cell extracts. Cells were treated either with 100 nM CPT or with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h before harvest. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody. Rabbit IgG was incubated with extract of DMSO-treated cells as a control. Representative western blot of three independent experiments is shown. ( B ) Representative images (left panel) and quantification (right panel) of PLA foci between SETX and DDX17 in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells before and 24 h after induction of RNaseH1 expression with doxycycline (Dox). Medians of data sets from three independent experiments are plotted (n > 200). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance. Scale bar, 10 μ m.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SETX forms a complex with DDX17 in human cells. ( A ) DDX17 isoforms (p72 and p82) co-immunoprecipitate with SETX from HEK293 cell extracts. Cells were treated either with 100 nM CPT or with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h before harvest. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody. Rabbit IgG was incubated with extract of DMSO-treated cells as a control. Representative western blot of three independent experiments is shown. ( B ) Representative images (left panel) and quantification (right panel) of PLA foci between SETX and DDX17 in U2OS T-REx [RNaseH1-GFP] cells before and 24 h after induction of RNaseH1 expression with doxycycline (Dox). Medians of data sets from three independent experiments are plotted (n > 200). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis: Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák's multiple comparisons, with a single pooled variance. Scale bar, 10 μ m.

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Incubation, Control, Western Blot, Expressing

    Model for the role of SETX in restarting R-loop-stalled forks via the MUS81–LIG4–ELL pathway. To resume DNA replication, the stalled replication fork is cleaved by MUS81 endonuclease, which results in resolution of the torsional stress in the DNA generated by the transcription-replication encounter. SETX is proposed to act in a sequential manner with DDX17 helicase, possibly as a SETX-DDX17 complex (not shown), to mediate R-loop unwinding, a prerequisite for RNAPII transcription restart. In this process, DDX17 partially unwinds the RNA:DNA hybrid generating a 5′-single-standed RNA tail where SETX is loaded to initiate processive unwinding of the RNA:DNA hybrid. DNA replication resumes following fork religation by DNA ligase IV (LIG4) and ELL-mediated reactivation of transcription. SETX or DDX17 deficiency leads to accumulation of MUS81-cleaved forks, which are subjected to DNA2-mediated nucleolytic processing resulting in genomic instability. CMG, CDC45–MCM2-7–GINS helicase; Polϵ, DNA polymerase epsilon; Polδ, DNA polymerase delta; RNAPII, RNA polymerase II.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae673

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Model for the role of SETX in restarting R-loop-stalled forks via the MUS81–LIG4–ELL pathway. To resume DNA replication, the stalled replication fork is cleaved by MUS81 endonuclease, which results in resolution of the torsional stress in the DNA generated by the transcription-replication encounter. SETX is proposed to act in a sequential manner with DDX17 helicase, possibly as a SETX-DDX17 complex (not shown), to mediate R-loop unwinding, a prerequisite for RNAPII transcription restart. In this process, DDX17 partially unwinds the RNA:DNA hybrid generating a 5′-single-standed RNA tail where SETX is loaded to initiate processive unwinding of the RNA:DNA hybrid. DNA replication resumes following fork religation by DNA ligase IV (LIG4) and ELL-mediated reactivation of transcription. SETX or DDX17 deficiency leads to accumulation of MUS81-cleaved forks, which are subjected to DNA2-mediated nucleolytic processing resulting in genomic instability. CMG, CDC45–MCM2-7–GINS helicase; Polϵ, DNA polymerase epsilon; Polδ, DNA polymerase delta; RNAPII, RNA polymerase II.

    Article Snippet: Subsequently, 1200 μg of protein from the supernatant was incubated with 5 μg of rabbit polyclonal anti-SETX antibody (Bethyl, A301-104A), 250 units of benzonase nuclease (Sigma-Aldrich, E1014) and 5 mM MgCl 2 on a rotator at 4°C.

    Techniques: Generated